photo: John Maguire

Archibald MacLeish

Archibald MacLeish was born in Glencoe, Illinois, on May 7, 1892. First educated at Hotchkiss School, MacLeish later studied at Yale and Harvard Law School, where he was first in his class. Although he focused his studies on law, he also began writing poetry during this time. In 1916 he married Ada Hitchcock.

At the onset of World War I, MacLeish volunteered as an ambulance driver, and later became a captain of field artillery. Upon returning home, he worked in Boston as a lawyer but found that the position distracted him from his poetry. He resigned in 1923, on the day that he was promoted to partner in the firm. MacLeish then moved his family to France and began to focus on writing. There he was to befriend fellow writers such as Kay Boyle, Ernest Hemingway, and Ezra Pound. During the next four years he published four books of poetry, including The Happy Marriage (1924) and The Pot of Earth (1925). In 1928 MacLeish returned to America, where he began research for his epic poem Conquistador by travelling the steps and mule-ride of Cortez's army through Mexico. MacLeish won the Pulitzer Prize for his efforts in 1932.

From 1930 to 1938, MacLeish worked as an editor at Fortune magazine. During that period, he wrote two radio dramas to increase patriotism and warn Americans against fascism. MacLeish also displayed increasing passion for this cause in his poems and articles. In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt persuaded him to accept an appointment as Librarian of Congress, a position he kept for five years. MacLeish thoroughly reorganized the Library's administrative offices and established the Library's series of poetry readings. At the same time, MacLeish served as director of the War Department's Office of Facts and Figures and assistant director of the Office of War Information, specializing in propaganda. In 1944 he was appointed assistant Secretary of State for cultural affairs. After World War II, MacLeish became the first American member of the governing body of UNESCO, and chaired the first UNESCO conference in Paris.

In 1949 Archibald Macleish retired from his political activism to become Harvard's Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, a position he held until 1962. From 1963 to 1967 he was Simpson Lecturer at Amherst College. Macleish continued to write poetry, criticism, and stage- and screenplays, to great acclaim. His Collected Poems (1952) won him a second Pulitzer Prize, as well as the National Book Award and the Bollingen Prize. J.B. (1958), a verse play based on the book of Job, earned him a third Pulitzer, this time for drama. And in 1965 he received an Academy Award for his work on the screenplay of The Eleanor Roosevelt Story. Archibald MacLeish died in April 1982 in Boston, Massachusetts.

A Selected Bibliography

Poetry

"The Wild Old Wicked Man" and Other Poems (1968)
Actfive (1948)
Actfive and Other Poems (1948)
Class Poem (1915)
Collected Poems (1952)
Conquistador (1932)
Einstein (1929)
Elpenor (1933)
Frescoes for Mr. Rockefeller's City (1933)
Later Poems, 1951-1962 ()
New Found Land New Found Land (1930)
New and Collected Poems, 1917-1976 (1976)
Nobodaddy (1926)
Poems, 1924-1933 (1935)
Songs for Eve (1954)
Songs for a Summer's Day (1915)
Streets in the Moon (1928)
The Collected Poems of Archibald MacLeish (1962)
The Hamlet of A. Macleish (1928)
The Happy Marriage (1924)
The Human Season, Selected Poems 1926-1972 (1972)
The Pot of Earth (1925)
Tower of Ivory (1917)

Prose

A Continuing Journey (1968)
A Time to Act: Selected Addresses (1943)
A Time to Speak (1941)
America Was Promises (1939)
American Opinion and the War: the Rede Lecture (1942)
Art Education and the Creative Process (1954)
Champion of a Cause: Essays and Addresses on Librarianship (1971)
Freedom Is the Right to Choose (1951)
Jews in America (1936)
Letters of Archibald MacLeish, 1907-1982 (1983)
Poetry and Experience (1961)
Poetry and Opinion: the Pisan Cantos of Ezra Pound (1974)
Public Speech (1936)
Riders on the Earth: Essays & Recollections (1978)
The American Cause The American Cause (1941)
The Dialogues of Archibald MacLeish and Mark Van Doren (1964)
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965)
The Irresponsibles: A Declaration (1940)

Drama

Air Raid (1938)
An Evening's Journey to Conway (1967)
Colloquy for the States (1943)
Herakles (1967)
J.B. (1958)
Panic (1935)
Scratch (1971)
Six Plays (1980)
The American Story: Ten Broadcasts (1944)
The Fall of the City (1937)
The Great American Fourth of July Parade (1975)
The Land of the Free (1938)
The Trojan Horse (1952)
The Wild Old Wicked Man (1968)
This Music Crept By Me on the Waters (1953)
Three Short Plays (1961)
Union Pacific (ballet) (1934)